To
M.K. GANDHI,
JOHANNESBURG,
TRANSVAAL, SOUTH AFRICA
"KOTECHETY."
(Castle of the eldest daughter of Tolstoy)
7th September, 1910
I have received your Journal Indian Opinion and I am happy to know all that
is written on non-resistance. I wish to communicate to you the thoughts
which are aroused in me by the reading of those articles.
The more I live—and specially now that I am approaching death,
the more I feel inclined to express to others the feelings which so
strongly move my being, and which, according to my opinion, are of
great importance. That is, what one calls non-resistance, is in reality
nothing else but the discipline of love undeformed by false interpretation.
Love is the aspiration for communion and solidarity with other souls,
and that aspiration always liberates the source of noble activities.
That love is the supreme and unique law of human life, which everyone
feels in the depth of one's soul. We find it manifested most clearly
in the soul of the infants. Man feels it so long as he is not blinded
by the false doctrines of the world.
That law of love has been promulgated by all the philosophies—Indian,
Chinese, Hebrew, Greek and Roman. I think that it had been most clearly
expressed by Christ, who said that in that law is contained both the
law and the Prophets. But he has done more; anticipating the deformation
to which that law is exposed, he indicated directly the danger of
such deformation which is natural to people who live only for worldly
interests. The danger consists precisely in permitting one's self
to defend those interests by violence; that is to say, as he has expressed,
returning blow by blows, and taking back by force things that have
been taken from us, and so forth. Christ knew also, just as all reasonable
human beings must know, that the employment of violence is incompatible
with love, which is the fundamental law of life. He knew that, once
violence is admitted, doesn't matter in even a single case, the law
of love is thereby rendered futile. That is to say that the law of
love ceases to exist. The whole Christian civilisation, so brilliant
in .the exterior, has grown up on this misunderstanding and this flagrant
and strange contradiction, sometimes conscious but mostly unconscious.
In reality as soon as resistance is admitted by the side of love,
love no longer exists and cannot exist as the law of existence; and
if the law of love cannot exist, there remains no other law except
that of violence, that is the right of the mighty. It was thus that
the Christian Society has lived during these nineteen centuries. It
is a fact that all the time people were following only violence in
the organisation of Society. But the differ¬ence between the ideals
of Christian peoples and that of other nations lies only in this:
that, in Christianity the law of love had been expressed so clearly
and definitely as has never been expressed in any other religious
doctrine; that the Christian world had solemnly accepted that law,
although at the same time it had permitted the employment of violence
and on that violence it had constructed their whole life. Consequently,
the life of the Christian peoples is an absolute contradiction between
their profession and the basis of their life, contradiction between
love recognized as the law of life, and violence recognized as inevitable
in different departments of life: like Governments, Tribunals, Army,
etc. which are recognised and praised. That contradiction developed
with the inner development of the Christian world and has attained
its paroxysm in recent days.
At present the question poses itself evidently in the following manner:
either it must be admitted that we do not recognise any discipline,
religious or moral, and that we are guided in the organisation of
life only by the law of force, or that all the taxes that we exact
by force, the judicial and police organisations and above all the
army must be abolished.
This spring in the religious examination of a secondary school of
girls in Moscow, the Professor of Catechism as well as the Bishop
had questioned the young girls on the Ten Commandments and above all
on the sixth "Thou shalt not kill". When the examiner received
good reply, the Bishop generally paused for another question: Is killing
proscribed by the sacred Law always and in all cases? And the poor
young girls perverted by their teachers must reply: No, not always;
killing is permitted during war, and for the execution of criminals.
However one of those unfortunate girls, (what I relate is not a fiction
but a fact that has been transmitted to me by an eye-winless) having
been asked the same question, "Is killing always a crime ?"
was moved deeply, blushed and replied with decision "Yes, always."
To all the sophisticated questions habitual to the Bishop she replied
with firm conviction: killing is always forbidden in the Old Testament
as well as by Christ who not only forbids killing but all wickedness
against our neighbours. In spite of all his oratorical talent and
all his imposing grandeur, the Bishop was obliged to beat a retreat
and the young girl came out victorious.
Yes, we can discuss in our journals the progress in aviation and such
other discoveries, the complicated diplomatic relations, the different
clubs and alliances, the so-called artistic creations, etc. and pass
in silence what was affirmed by the young girl. But silence is futile
in such cases, because every one of this Christian world is feeling
the same, more or less vaguely, like that girl. Socialism, Communism,
Anarchism, Salvation army, the growing criminalities, unemployment
and absurd luxuries of the rich, augmented without limit, and the
awful misery of the poor, the terrible increasing number of suicides—all
these are the signs of that inner contradiction which must be there
and which cannot be resolved; and without doubt, can only be resolved
by acceptation of the law of Love and by the rejection of all sorts
of violence. Consequently your work in Transvaal, which seems to be
far away from the centre of our world, is yet the most fundamental
and the most important to us supplying the most weighty practical
proof in which the world can now share and with which must participate
not only the Christians but all the peoples of the world.
I think that it would give you pleasure to know that with us in Russia,
a similar movement is also developing rapidly under the form of the
refusal of military services augmenting year after year. However small
may be the number of your participators in non-resistance and the
number of those in Russia who refuse military service, both the one
and the other may assert with audacity that "God is with us"
and that "God is more powerful than men".
Between the confession of Christianity, even under the perverted form
in which it appears amongst us Christian peoples, and the simultaneous
recognition of the necessity of armies and of the preparation for
killing on an ever-increasing scale, there exists a contradiction
so flagrant and crying that sooner or later, probably very soon, it
must invariably manifest itself in utter nakedness; and it will lead
us either to renounce the Christian religion, and to maintain the
governmental power or to renounce the existence of the army and all
the forms of violence which the state supports and which are more
or less necessary to sustain its power. That contradiction is felt
by all the governments, by your British Government as well as by our
Russian Government; and therefore, by the spirit of conservatism natural
to these governments, the opposition is persecuted, as we find in
Russia as well as in the articles of your journal, more than any other
anti- governmental activity. The governments know from which direction
comes the principal danger and try to defend themselves with a great
zeal in that trial not merely to preserve their interests but actually
to fight for their very existence.
With my perfect esteem,
LEO TOLSTOY
1. The original letter is in Russian. This English version was prepared under Tolstoy's supervision.
|
