Primary, Printed Sources, & Newspapers
India
National Archives, Gandhi Archives, Museums, and Libraries in India
At the National Archives of India in
New Delhi, we consulted the Guide to the Records in the National
Archives, New Delhi, 1980. This guide listed eight categories of
records, among them the records of the following departments: Home,
Revenue, Foreign, and Agriculture. Each one of these had an index.
The Home and Foreign department records had a few relevant records.
In the first we examined the following years: 1858-64, 1868, 1869,
1870, 1871, 1871-75, 1876-80, 1872, 1873, 1875, 1905, 1911, and
1914. In the Foreign department series, we examined selectively from
1875 to 1913, but found little that was directly relevant to our
study. However, there was some very useful information in the
Private Archives section in the following sets of papers: Gandhi-Kallenbach
Papers, Gandhi-Polak Papers, Gokhale Papers, Pyarelal Papers, and C.F. Andrews Papers.
At the National Gandhi Museum and
Library in New Delhi, we searched through the card index of letters
to Gandhi. In addition, we examined the new material presented in
the most recent publications of the Collected Works of Mahatma
Gandhi. The last seven supplementary volumes appeared between
1989 and 1994. Volume 96 was relevant to our study as it contained
additional correspondence between Gandhi and Kallenbach. In volume
65, there is reference to his discovery in South Africa of selfless
service as "spiritual sadhana."
At the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad,
otherwise known as the Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya, we worked from a
40-page prepared list of material given to us by Mr. E. S. Reddy,
and found at least a dozen letters that were relevant to our study.
We also looked through SN (Serial Number) items of Gandhi's
newspaper cuttings, which showed how meticulously he kept track of
events while in South Africa.
South Africa
At the Natal
Archives Repository (NAR)
in Pietermaritzburg, we searched through the several
groups of sources with mixed results.
Indian Immigration (II)
did not have many direct references to cultural and religious
events. The focus in official records was rather on health, criminal
behavior, assaults, desertions, malingering, drunk and disorderly
conduct, withholding of rations and wages, cruelty, murder trials,
suicide, requests for passes, and depositions of various other
kinds. There were numerous cases of abuses by owners, and workers
who took the initiative to file complaints especially during the
1900s. We found some useful material in the Colonial
Secretary's Office (CSO) series. A search in
Secretary of Native Affairs (SNA) series revealed over 30
instances of Indo-African relations.
We also consulted the following series
at the NAR: Surveyor General's Office (SGO), Attorney General's
Office (AGO), Chief Native Commissioner (CNC), Immigration
Restrictions Department (IRD), Natal Government Railways (NGR),
and a variety of others like 1/EPI (Magistrate and Commissioners,
Empangeni), 1/LDS (Magistrates and Commissioners, Ladysmith), MJPW
(Minister of Justice and Public Works), 3/PMB (Pietermaritzburg),
PWD (Public Works Department), DPH (Department of Public Health),
PVS (Principal Veterinary Surgeon), NT (Natal Treasury), and
NHD (Natal Harbour Department). Printed sources consulted for
this study included the Protector's Reports from the 1880s to
1911, Blue Books and their successors Statistical Year
Books.>
There were several important sources
which provided a lens to Indian cultural and religious life. At the
Durban Local History Museum, we found some excellent photographs
that illustrated dress and attire for the early period. We found
photographs and assorted documents as they related to cultural and
religious organizations at the Gandhi-Luthuli Centre (formerly
Documentation Centre) at University of Durban-Westville. The
vernacular sections of Indian Opinion and African
Chronicle provided rich material on culture and religion.
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